Forest biomass carbon pool dynamics in Tibet Autonomous Region of China: Inventory data 1999-2019.

According to the forest resources inventory data for different periods and the latest estimation parameters of forest carbon reserves in China, the carbon reserves and carbon density of forest biomass in the Tibet Autonomous Region from 1999 to 2019 were estimated using the IPCC international carbon reserves estimation model. The results showed that, during the past 20 years, the forest area, forest stock, and biomass carbon storage in Tibet have been steadily increasing, with an average annual increase of 1.85×104 hm2, 0.033×107 m3, and 0.22×107 t, respectively. Influenced by geographical conditions and the natural environment, the forest area and biomass carbon storage gradually increased from the northwest to the southeast, particularly in Linzhi and Changdu, where there are many primitive forests, which serve as important carbon sinks in Tibet. In terms of the composition of tree species, coniferous forests are dominant in Tibet, particularly those containing Abies fabri, Picea asperata, and Pinus densata, which comprise approximately 45% of the total forest area in Tibet. The ecological location of Tibet has resulted in the area being dominated by shelter forest, comprising 68.76% of the total area, 64.72% of the total forest stock, and 66.34% of the total biomass carbon reserves. The biomass carbon storage was observed to first increase and then decrease with increasing forest age, which is primarily caused by tree growth characteristics. In over-mature forests, trees' photosynthesis decreases along with their accumulation of organic matter, and the trees can die. In addition, this study also observed that the proportion of mature and over-mature forest in Tibet is excessively large, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of forestry in the region. This problem should be addressed in future management and utilization activities.

Factors Affecting the Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women in Tibet Health Facilities.

BACKGROUND Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), the leading cause of maternal death, is defined as a blood loss >500 mL within 24 h after vaginal delivery or >1000 mL within 24 h after cesarean section. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of PPH and assess its risk factors in pregnant women in Tibet to provide a reference for clinicians in this region. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 4796 pregnant women with gestational age ≥28 weeks who were admitted to hospitals in Tibet between December 2010 and December 2016 were involved in this study. Patient sociological and clinical data and pregnancy outcomes were collected. The related risk factors of PPH were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves was used to evaluate the effect of the PPH prediction model. RESULTS PPH occurred in 95 women, with an incidence of 1.98%. The following factors were associated with higher risk for PPH: maternal age ≥35 (odds ratio [OR]=1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.27; P=0.010), history of preterm birth (OR=2.66; 95% CI, 1.60-4.42; P<0.001), cesarean section (OR=6.69; 95% CI, 4.30-10.40; P<0.001), neonatal weight >4 kg (OR=3.92; 95% CI, 1.75-8.81; P<0.001) and occurrence of neonatal asphyxia (OR=5.52; 95% CI, 2.22-13.74; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal age ≥35, history of preterm birth, cesarean section, newborn weight >4 kg, and neonatal asphyxia were risk factors of PPH, which can help evaluate PPH in Tibet.

One-stage treatment of hip dislocation with cerebral palsy via soft tissue release, hip reduction and osteotomy / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the methods and outcomes of surgical treatment for hip dislocation with cerebral palsy (CP) via soft tissue release, hip reduction and osteotomy.@*Methods@#Nineteen CP patients (male: 9, female: 10; total 23 hips) with hip dislocation underwent reconstructive surgery between April 2010 and December 2016. The average age was 12.5±2.4 years. There were 17 diplegic, 1 hemiplegic and 1 quadriplegic patient. Gross motor function classification system distribution were type I in 2 patients, type II in 10 patients, type III in 5 patients, type IV in 2 patients. Combine one-stage surgical procedures included soft tissue release, close or open reduction of hip joint and femoral varus shortening or de-rotational osteotomy and pelvic osteotomy. During the follow-up period, the clinical symptom and radiological parameters including Sharp angle and acetabular index were recorded.@*Results@#The average follow-up duration was 2.1 years (1-4.5 years). The radiological parameters were evaluated at one year postoperatively. The migration percentage corrected to 6%±8% from 68%±21% with statistically significant different (t=12.760, P<0.001). The mean Sharp angle was 42°±8.9°, which was statistically significant reduced compared with the pre-operative value 59°±6.1° (t=9.058, P<0.001). In 15 patients with triradiate cartilage open, the acetabular index also improved from 34°±8.7° pre-operatively to 18°±10° with statistical significance (t=5.598, P<0.001). Total of 15 patients had gained hip stability and improved functional status. Hip pain, which happened in 11 patients preoperatively, all had relieved after operation. Four patients had dissatisfied results and re-subluxation happened in 3 hips. All of them had CE angle <20° immediately after operation (average, 17°±2.6°), which was significantly different compared with average CE angle 32°± 8.0° in non-recurrence hips (t=3.143, P=0.005). One patient, who underwent proximal hamstring release, had decline of function status and contralateral hip dislocation.@*Conclusion@#Dislocation hips in CP patients can be effectively treated with one stage soft tissue release, hip reduction and femoral and pelvic osteotomy. The selection of osteotomy method is based on the age and pathological changes of patients.

Open reduction combined with Salter or Pemberton osteotomy and proximal femoral osteotomy for the management of developmental dislocation of the hip in children between the ages of 2 and 3 years / 中华骨科杂志

Objective The objective was to discussing the difference between the Pemberton osteotomy and Salter osteot?omy which performed in patients between the ages of 2 and 3 years who suffered from developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH). Methods A retrospective review of the results of operation treatment for DDH in 59 children (84 hips) from January 1998 to De?cember 2008 was conducted. There are 10 boys (14 hips) and 49 girls (70 hips). The age of the patients was between 2-3 years old at the time of treatment 2.5±0.4 years. Surgery consist of open reduction of the hip, capsulorraphy, shortening and derotational oste?otomy of proximal femur, and innominate osteotomy which include Pemberton osteotomy (33 hips), Salter osteotomy (51 hips). McKay and Severin modified criteria were used to assess the function and radiographic results of the hip. Results The average follow?up time was 5.6±3.5 years ranging from 2 to 16 years. According to Severin criteria at final follow?up, 78 hips (93%) had ex?cellent and good results;4 hips were fair and 2 hips poor result. The radiology results in Salter osteotomy were better than Pember?ton osteotomy (rate of excellent and good results 100%vs. 82%,χ2=7.43, P=0.003). According to the McKay criteria Salter osteoto?my and Pemberton osteotomy have no significant difference in latest follow?up (the satisfactory rate 100%vs. 97%,χ2=1.56, P=0.39). 18 hips (21%) had proximal femoral growth disturbance which 10 hips in Pemberton group, 8 hips in Salter group. There is no significant difference (χ2=2.54, P=0.17). Conclusion Open reduction, innominate osteotomy and proximal femoral osteotomy were effective procedures for the treatment of DDH in children between 2-3 years old. More attention should be taken in Pember?ton osteotomy to prevent the acetabular bony edge absorption.

Treatment strategy and clinical outcome of developmental dislocation of the hip in children above 8 years old / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the treatment and clinical outcomes in developmental dislocation of the hip in chil?dren above 8 years old. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the results of operation treatment for developmental dislocation of the hip in 94 children (112 hips) from 2006 to 2012. The age of the patients ranged from 8.2 to 13.6 years at the time of treatment, with an average age 9.8 years. In 94 patients, there are 18 males and 76 females. The patients were classified into three group based on the age at time of operation:Group 8-9 years old, Group 10-11 years old, Group 12-13 years old. The dislocation of hip was classified by T?nnis classification system:gradeⅡ34 hips, gradeⅢ29 hips, gradeⅣ49 hips. Surgery was performed in all the patients. The procedures consisted of open reduction of the hip, capsulorraphy, shortening and derotational osteotomy of proxi?mal femur, and acetabular osteotomy which include Pemberton osteotomy (66 hips), Salter osteotomy (30 hips), Ganz osteotomy (3 hips), Triple osteotomy (5 hips) and Chiari osteotomy (8 hips). McKay and Severin modified criteria were used to assess the func?tion and radiographic results of the hip. Results The average follow?up was 2.3 years ranged from 1 to 7 years. According to McKay modified criteria at final follow?up, 75 hips (67%) had excellent (22 hips) and good (53 hips) clinical results, 32 hips (29%) were fair and 5 hips (4%) were poor. According to the Severin criteria, the outcomes of T?nnis grade Ⅳgroup was significantly worse than T?nnis gradeⅡ,Ⅲgroup. There is no significant differences between T?nnisⅡandⅢtype groups. If the patients were classified by age at time of operation, the function of group 8-9 years old was significantly better than others group according to the McKay criteria; the group 12-13 years old was significantly worse than others group according to Severin criteria. Conclu?sion Open reduction with proximal femoral osteotomy and acetabular osteotomy was an effective procedure for the treatment of developmental dislocation of the hip in children above 8 years old. The surgical results were related to the age at time of treatment and T?nnis classification system; low dislocation (T?nnis Ⅱ, Ⅲ) and young age (younger than 10 years old) had better function and radiographic results compared with high dislocation (T?nnisⅣ) and elder age group.

Effects of free fatty acids on apoptosis and migration of human breast cancer cells / 中华临床营养杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of free fatty aids (FFAs) on the apoptosis and migration of human breast cancer cells ( MDA-MB-231 ).MethodsBreast cancer cells were exposed to oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) with different concentrations (50,200,and 500 umol/L).Quantity RT-PCR was conducted to detect mRNA expression of PTEN,and Western blot to detect protein expression of PTEN and Bcl-2.Cell apoptosis was measured with TUNEL method,and migration measured with transwell method.ResultsThe mRNA and protein expressions of PTEN in MDA-MB-231 cells were down-regulated after OA stimulation,but up-regulated after PA stimulation ( all P ＜ 0.05 ).The protein expression of Bcl-2 increased after OA stimulation and decreased after PA stimulation ( both P ＜ 0.05 ).PA increased the apoptosis,and both OA and PA enhanced the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells.ConclusionsPA may promote apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells through changing the expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN,but also increases the invasion of the cancer cells.The invasion of cancer cells could be enhanced by OA stimulation as well.

Treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children: results of closed reduction and immobilization in hip spica cast / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To retrospectively review the results of closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), and analyze the causative for the unsatisfactory results of radiological.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 1997 to 2005 the results of closed reduction for DDH in 60 children (77 hips) over 4.5 years period were retrospectively reviewed. Radiological final results of the patients were evaluated with Severin classification. The causative factors made from medical records and radiographs were used to make statistical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy-three percent of the patients (56/77) had satisfactory results according to Severin classification. Twenty-one hips classed as Severin III-V. Seventeen of the 21 hips had a reconstructive procedure. Avascular necrosis was observed in 29 hips (38%). The most important parameters affecting the result were age at reduction (P < 0.05) and avascular necrosis (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In order to achieve better clinical and radiological results, the infants suffering from the DDH should be treated in the early stage. The postoperative avascular necrosis usually leads to poor prognosis.</p>

Comparison between overthick and overthin X ray film / 医疗卫生装备

Many factors can result in X ray film overthick and overthin in medical X-ray radiation.In order to ensure the correctness of diagnosis and the focus can be presented at the proper time,it is very im- portant for the overthick and overthin film to be processed and corrected.It has been proved through the test that the satisfied result can be reached through the proper regulating measure such as making a copy of a film.